Biofilms associated with ship submerged surfaces: implications for ship biofouling management and the environment

Biofouling (including initial microbial biofilms) of submerged ship surfaces can directly impact vessel operations, leading to increases in fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood non-indigenous species (NIS) transfer impacts. Considerations attainable consistent biosecurity goals are paramount success widespread adoption biofouling management policy. Proactive in-water cleaning (IWC) biofilms from may provide a viable option operations standpoint, however these benefits need be balanced against other environmental costs, including potential for increased risks associated with elevated release diverse microbes surfaces.